- Author: Brett Stone-Gross and Pallav Khandhar, Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit™ Threat Intelligence
- Date: 17 December 2014
Summary
Threat actors regularly develop new Trojan horse malware to fuel their operations and to ensure the longevity of their botnets. After the takedowns of the Gameover Zeus and Shylock botnets, researchers predicted that a new breed of banking malware would fill the void. In early June 2014, the Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit™ (CTU™) research team discovered the Dyre banking trojan, which was being distributed by Cutwail botnet spam emails that included links to either Dropbox or Cubby file storage services. The threat actors later shifted to distribution via the Upatre downloader trojan. Dyre is also known as Dyreza, Dyzap, and Dyranges by the antivirus industry.
Capabilities
Dyre harvests credentials, primarily targeting online banking websites to perform Automated Clearing House (ACH) and wire fraud. The malware includes a modular architecture, man-in-the-browser functionality, and a backconnect server that allows threat actors to connect to a bank website through the victim's computer. The man-in-the-browser functionality is based on a unique combination of redirects to fake websites controlled by the threat actor ("web fakes") and a dynamic web inject system that allows the threat actors to manipulate a financial institution's website content. Similar to other banking trojans, Dyre hooks into the most popular web browsers to intercept traffic from a victim's system, stealing information and manipulating website content before it is rendered by the browser.
Early Dyre versions were relatively primitive, sending command and control (C2) communications and stolen data via unencrypted HTTP. Recent iterations of Dyre use SSL to encrypt all C2 communications, as well as a custom encryption algorithm. Dyre also uses RSA cryptography to digitally sign configuration files and malware plugins to prevent tampering.
Malware distribution
Each Dyre binary has an ID value that allows the malware operators to identify the campaign associated with each compromise. These campaigns are often localized to target specific geographic regions. Since Dyre's introduction, the CTU research team has identified 21 unique Dyre campaigns (see Figure 1). As of this publication, Dyre has targeted more than 242 financial institutions.
Figure 1. Distribution of active Dyre campaigns observed by CTU researchers as of this publication. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)
Malware distribution vector
Dyre is downloaded and installed on compromised systems by the Upatre downloader trojan, which is distributed through spam emails sent by the Cutwail botnet and at least two other spam botnets. The emails contain Upatre as an embedded malware executable in a ZIP attachment (see Figure 2) or as a malicious URL. In both instances, user interaction is required to compromise the targeted system. Dyre campaigns use different lures, such as impersonating FedEx invoices, electronic faxes, and payroll or financial documents.
Figure 2. Spam email lure samples dropping Dyre via Upatre downloader as an attachment. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)
Architecture
The Dyre malware is packed and obfuscated in multiple layers, and it is divided into two modules: the dropper and the main DLL module. The DLL module is stored in two distinct resources named payload32 and payload64, which Dyre activates on 32-bit or 64-bit Windows platforms, respectively. The malware drops a slightly modified copy of itself, using a random filename like "tlBTyLNuJkruXja.exe," in the C:\Windows folder (see Figure 3). When Dyre launches this file, malicious code is injected into svchost.exe.
Figure 3. Default location for dropped Dyre files. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)
For persistence, Dyre registers as a system service under "Google Update Service" by adding an HKLM\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\googleupdate registry key (see Figure 4).
Figure 4. Dyre's persistence mechanism. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)
The malware hides its base configuration file, RSA key, and other important data within the resource section of the Dyre DLL (see Figure 5).
Figure 5. Dyre resource section containing important data. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)
Dyre beacons to the hard-coded IP addresses listed in the base configuration file. The first request registers a bot on the C2 server. The malware sends the compromised system's operating system information to the C2 server and continues beaconing requests.
Dyre's web inject engine uses a slightly different approach than other banking trojans. The injected process hooks code into Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Microsoft Internet Explorer, intercepting victims' credentials when they log into a bank account or other financial service. For each web browser, Dyre hooks different functions within the loaded DLLs:
- Firefox: PR_Read and PR_Write functions within nspr4.dll
- Chrome: ssl_read and ssl_write functions within chrome.dll
- Internet Explorer: functions within wininet.dll
When a victim on a compromised system visits one of the targeted banking websites and enters login credentials, Dyre intercepts the data and sends a POST request to the threat actor's drop server. The request includes cookies and browser information. The malware can also manipulate banking website content dynamically, which can be used to circumvent two-factor authentication schemes.
Command and control traffic
Dyre contacts Google to check network connectivity and then submits a Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) binding request (see Figure 6). STUN allows a system located behind a network address translator (NAT) to discover a public IP address.
Figure 6. Dyre's network connectivity check and STUN requests. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)
The STUN servers listed in Table 1 are hard-coded in the Dyre binary.
| stun1.voiceeclipse.net | stun.callwithus.com | stun.sipgate.net |
| stun.ekiga.net | stun.ideasip.com | stun.internetcalls.com |
| stun.noc.ams-ix.net | stun.phonepower.com | stun.voip.aebc.com |
| stun.voipbuster.com | stun.voxgratia.org | stun.ipshka.com |
| stun.faktortel.com.au | stun.iptel.org | stun.voipstunt.com |
| stunserver.org | s1.taraba.net | s2.taraba.net |
| stun.l.google.com:19302 | stun1.l.google.com:19302 | stun2.l.google.com:19302 |
| stun3.l.google.com:19302 | stun4.l.google.com:19302 | stun.schlund.de |
| stun.rixtelecom.se | stun.voiparound.com | numb.viagenie.ca |
| stun.stunprotocol.org | stun.2talk.co.nz |
Table 1. Hard-coded STUN servers.
To hide its backend infrastructure, Dyre deploys a set of proxy servers that act as C2 servers. As shown in Figure 7, these servers are primarily located in North America and Europe. The threat actors have also implemented additional methods to maintain control of the botnet.
Figure 7. Geographic distribution of Dyre C2 servers. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)
Dyre uses SSL to communicate with its C2 server. The requests use a standard structure, substituting appropriate values for the <Campaign ID>, <Bot ID>, and <Architecture> variables:
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/5/cert/EXT-IP/HTTP/1.1 (Register the Bot)
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/0/Win_XP_32bit/1023/EXT-IP/HTTP/1.1 (Register OS of Bot)
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/1/FcJgUwyCWvgLPymGiJGwUkwCVcBMmiD/EXT-IP/(Send live signal)
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/5/httprdc/EXT-IP/HTTP/1.1 (Ask for web fakes configuration data with target list)
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/5/respparser/EXT-IP/HTTP/1.1 (Request dynamic web inject configuration)
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/5/twg<Architecture>/EXT-IP/HTTP/1.1 (Request grabber plugin)
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/5/i2p<Architecture>/EXT-IP/HTTP/1.1 (Request I2P plugin)
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/5/n_vnc<Architecture>/EXT-IP/HTTP/1.1 (Request VNC plugin)
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/5/n_tv<Architecture>/EXT-IP/HTTP/1.1 (Request TV plugin)
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/5/cfg_bc/EXT-IP/HTTP/1.1 (Request back connect configuration)
GET /<Campaign ID>/<Bot ID>/14/NAT/Port%20restricted%20NAT/0/EXT-IP/(NAT status)
Figure 8 shows a Dyre request for the configuration file identifying the list of URLs to redirect to the malicious server hosting the web fake. The C2 server's reply is encrypted with a custom encryption algorithm, and the payload is digitally signed using a 1024-bit RSA key.
Figure 8. Dyre's configuration request to the C2 server. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)
Dyre performs a man-in-the-browser attack to steal data sent to a legitimate bank website. The malware sends the stolen data to its exfiltration server in an HTTP POST request (see Figure 9).
Figure 9. Dyre HTTP POST request to exfiltration server. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)
Command and control resiliency
Since Dyre’s inception, it has relied upon a set of hard-coded proxy servers to communicate with its backend infrastructure. The threat actors have implemented two mechanisms to maintain control of the botnet if the proxies are unreachable: a domain generation algorithm and a plugin that integrates with an anonymization network called I2P.
Domain generation algorithm
Similar to other malware families, Dyre uses a domain generation algorithm (DGA) that is seeded by the current date. It generates 1,000 34-character domains per day, which are appended to one of eight country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) in Asia and the Pacific Islands: .cc, .ws, .to, .in, .hk, .cn, .tk, and .so. The following domains were generated on December 8, 2014:
- y3aaa48a7056d7075c3760cdbd90a75b8f.cc
- z376dfe4955a257a78944864dd0158d172.ws
- a8377c5a7c390331b15c1df94fa745e38a.to
- ba3be71036fc2c06d603a2b17d41ffe71a.in
- c9cca04cec2588918820cf33ba4337cca8.hk
- dec4f75e53d7202136164e2b26456dabdf.cn
- e3d68349d47efa0d5a9a92b1239bc4d48c.tk
- f85db5ce8675f53b61f00ca0e822a33312.so
CTU researchers sinkholed a Dyre DGA domain to identify sources of infection and to ascertain the number of compromised systems that resorted to the DGA for command and control. During a 24-hour interval, the sinkhole received requests from 8,815 unique IP addresses. The U.S. led the number of compromised systems with 59%, followed by Canada with 8%, Portugal with 7%, the UK with 5%, and Turkey with 3% (see Figure 10).
Figure 10. Infected Dyre bots reaching out to DGA domains. (Source: Dell SecureWorks)
I2P
The Invisible Internet Project (I2P) is an overlay network similar to Tor that offers anonymity. It provides anonymous hosting known as eepSites, which are similar to Tor's hidden services. eepSites allow users to access websites in a way that masks the true location of the server, so that it cannot be easily identified and taken down. On December 3, 2014, CTU researchers observed a Dyre sample that included the following I2P eepSite domain: nhgyzrn2p2gejk57wveao5kxa7b3nhtc4saoonjpsy65mapycaua.b32.i2p.
Dyre's implementation of an I2P plugin has several tradeoffs. It makes the malware's backend server more difficult to trace, and the encapsulation of Dyre requests using I2P's encrypted protocol could complicate development of network-based signatures. However, I2P has not been widely adopted, so its presence may also be used to identify compromises.
Connection to Gozi Neverquest
CTU researchers have observed a relationship between the Dyre trojan and the Neverquest variant of Gozi. On several occasions, Gozi Neverquest pushed commands to download and execute a Dyre executable, and there have been other instances of Dyre issuing commands to download and execute a Gozi Neverquest executable. These examples suggest that one or more of the same threat actors are involved with both botnets, and they may leverage each trojan according to their specific needs.
Conclusion
Dyre has emerged from its early stages of development to become one of the most prominent banking trojans. Each iteration included refinements and new features to make it more powerful and robust. The version of Dyre being distributed as of this publication provides advanced capabilities with web fakes, dynamic web injects, a modular design, and multiple methods for maintaining command and control. The introduction of Dyre shortly after the takedown of Gameover Zeus shows the determination of threat actors targeting the financial vertical.
Threat indicators
The threat indicators in Table 2 can be used to detect activity related to the Dyre banking malware. The IP addresses listed in the indicators table may contain malicious content, so consider the risks before opening them in a browser.
| Indicator | Type | Context |
| 0a77a39285d6bc816791320bb13408e5 | MD5 hash | Dyre trojan |
| c3980a6228b68f88a0718de7a0362116 | MD5 hash | Dyre trojan |
| b5b3af636f545da62f87c2773aa99016 | MD5 hash | Dyre trojan |
| ec525c578d14a15d8d913e83ec5c557b | MD5 hash | Dyre trojan |
| 32d32802a97b9c24e1eafcea6af52440 | MD5 hash | Dyre trojan |
| 2d8923ef39b1fa0a091965735f3490f3 | MD5 hash | Dyre trojan |
| 1a52993e4546c3d6adad037af74ce2a8 | MD5 hash | Dyre trojan |
| 156f730bbb6b6cada4ef89e22ddc68ab | MD5 hash | Dyre trojan |
| 3597f17748f9bb7d008840a4b1391582 | MD5 hash | Dyre trojan |
| c6315a09e06e2ba775e5be0979d23755 | MD5 hash | Dyre trojan |
| 5.79.86.19 | IP address | Dyre exfiltration/web inject server |
| 212.56.214.154 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 202.153.35.133 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 80.248.224.75 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 109.228.17.152 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 166.78.103.85 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 109.228.17.158 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 109.228.17.155 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 176.114.0.58 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 85.25.134.53 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 217.172.181.164 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 217.172.184.75 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 213.239.209.196 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 212.56.214.130 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 37.59.2.42 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 93.190.139.178 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 85.25.138.12 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 85.25.145.179 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 217.172.179.9 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 203.183.172.196 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 94.23.61.172 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 94.23.196.90 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 217.23.8.68 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 193.203.50.17 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| 193.203.50.69 | IP address | Dyre C2 server |
| nhgyzrn2p2gejk57wveao5kxa7b3nhtc4saoonjpsy65mapycaua.b32.i2p | I2P domain | Dyre C2 server |
| Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:33.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/33.0 | User-Agent | Dyre User-Agent |
| Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/39.0.2171.71 Safari/537.36 | User-Agent | Dyre User-Agent |
| cd2sd48za09 | Mutex | Mutex created by Dyre |
| 5efw48e8re54 | Mutex | Mutex created by Dyre |
Table 2. Threat indicators for the Dyre trojan.